CHECK AGAINST DELIVERY-EMBARGO7ED UNTIL DELIVERY
PRIME MINISTER
SPEECH BY THE PRIME MINISTER
CONFERENCE ON TECHNOLOGY
26 SEPTEMBER 1983 CANBERRA
BARRY JONES' INITIATIVE IN PROMOTING THIS
CONFERENCE STEMMED FROM A KEEN APPRECIATION OF THE
CONTRIBUTION THAT TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION MIGHT MAKE TO THE
FUTURE GROWTH OF THE AUSTRALIAN ECONOMY. BARRY'S ROLE,
INCLUDING THROUGH HIS WELL-KNOWN PUBLICATION SLEEPERS WAKE,
IN STIMULATING COMMUNITY AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE
COMPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE HAS BEEN OF
CONSIDERABLE IMPORTANCETHE
LABOR GOVERNMENT WAS ELECTED'TO GET AUSTRALIA
MOVING AGAIN : TO STEM AND THEN TO REV ERSE THE DECLINE IN
EMPLOYMENT; TO RAISE THE LIVING STANDARDS OF AUSTRALIANS;
AND TO RE* S-TORE AUSTRALIANS' SENSE OF : JERN . AT. ION AS A FAIR
SOCIETY IN WHICH THE FRUITS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ARE
DISTRIBUTED EQUITABLYTHESE GREAT COMMITMENTS CAN BE FULFILLED ONLY
THROUGH STRONG AND STEADY ECONOMIC GROWTH OVER LONG PERIODSSUSTAINED
ECONOMIC GROWTH IS GOING TO REQUIRE THE
PROGRESSIVE ADOPTION OF PRODUCTIVE NEW TECHNOLOGIES,
STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN THE ECONOMY, AND HIGH LEVELS OF
INVESTMENT FROM HOME AND ABROAD-
2.
SUSTAINED ECONOMIC GROWTH WILL PROVIDE THE MEANS OF
ASSISTING AUSTRALIANS IN NEED, THROUGH THE GRADUAL
DESTRUCTION OF THE SCOURGE OF UNEMPLOYMENT, AND THROUGH
ADEQUATE AND EFFICIENT SOCIAL WELFARE POLICIES.
AND THE RESTORATION OF AUSTRALIA AS A SOCIETY THAT
IS BROADLY UNITED AROUND THE GREAT NATIONAL GOAL OF
PROVIDING ADEQUATELY FOR ALL CITIZENS IS NECESSARY IF
AUSTRALIANS ARE TO ACCEPT THE CHANGE AND THE STRESS
ASSOCIATED WITH RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TECHNOLOGICAL
INNOVATION. THUS OUR COMMITMENTS TO TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, TO
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TO THE EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF THE
BENEFITS OF GROWTH ARE PART OF THE ONE GREAT PROGRAMME OF
NATIONAL ECONOMIC RECOVERY.
YOUR SPECIAL CONCERN HERE TODAY, TECHNOLOGY, IS OF
CENTRAL IMPORTANCE TO THAT PROGRAMMETHE
EFFECTIVENESS WITH WHICH WE APPLY NEW
TECHNOLOGY NEW TECHNOLOGY FROM ABROAD AS WELL AS NEW
TECHNOLOGY WHICH WE DEVELOP OURSELVES WILL DETERMINE THE
EFFICIENCY OF OUR INDUSTRY, ITS COMPETITIVE PERFORMANCE AND
ITS CAPACITY TO GROW. / 3
THE EFFECTIVENESS WITH WHICH WE USE NEW TECHNOLOGY
WILL DETERMINE WHETHER WE CAN REVERSE THE LONG DOWNWARD
SLIDE IN OUR LIVING STANDARDS RELATIVE TO OTHER COUNTRIESFROM
ONE OF THE HIGHEST PER CAPITA INCOMES IN THE WORLD
THIRTY YEARS AGO, TO ONE OF THE LOWEST OF THE INDUSTRIAL
COUNTRIES WHEN MY GOVERNMENT TOOK OFFICE SIX MONTHS AGOOUR
WORK PATTERNS AND INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES WILL
NEED TO CHANGE IN RESPONSE TO NEW CHALLENGES AND
OPPORTUNITIES-CYCLICAL FACTORS RELATED TO RECESSION
ABROAD, AND COINCIDENCE OF BAD LUCK AND BAD MANAGEMENT AT
HOME IN THE PERIOD PRECEEDING my GOVERNMENT'S ELECTION TO
OFFICE, EXPLAIN PART OF OUR CURRENT ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIESBUT
PART OF OUR DIFFICULTIES IS STRUCTURAL, REFLECTING THE
ENTRENCHMENT OF LOW PRODUCTIVITY AND INAPPROPRIATE
PRODUCTION PATTERNS IN MANY PARTS OF OUR ECONOMYTHE
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY
MUST BE EMBRACED AS ONE OF THE DRIVING FORCES BEHIND THE
PROC7.3S OF ECONOMIC CHANGE WITH IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCES FO;'\
THE COMPETITIVENESS OF INDUSTRIES. THERE'IS NO ESCAPING THE
FACT THAT INDUSTRIAL INNOVATION IS ESSENTIAL To AUSTRALIA'S
FUTURE ECONOMIC WELL-BEING, NOT ONLY IN INDUSTRIES PRODUCING
GLAMOROUS NEW PRODUCTS, BUT THROUGHOUT ESTABLISHED
INDUSTRIES As WELLiu i e/ 4.
CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY OVER TIME WILL PLACE
PRESSURES ON SOME INDUSTRIES TO CONTRACT WHILE PROVIDING NEW
OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE EXPANSION OF OTHERS-THE COST OF
ADJUSTMENT IN SOME CASES IMAY BE CONSIDERABLE. THE COMMUNITY
AND NOT JUST THOSE AT THE FACE OF CHANGE MUST BE PREPARED TO
BEAR PART OF THE BURDENTHERE
IS A GROWING AWARENESS IN AUSTRALIA THAT OUR
MAJOR COMPETITORS, ESPECIALLY THOSE WITHIN OUR OWN REGION,
ARE UNDERTAKING NEW LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS, ADOPTING NEW
BUSINESS STRATEGIES AND APPLYING NEW TECHNOLOGY-OUR
LOCATION IN THE MOST DYNAMIC, FORWARD-LOOKING PART OF THE
WORLD IMPOSES ON OUR INDUSTRIES A NEED TO DEVELOP NEW
TECHNOLOGIES -NEW PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES IF WE ARE TO
COMPETE EFFECTIVELY. RAPID GROWTH OF OUR TRADING PARTNERS
WILL PROVIDE MANY MARKET OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE
EXPLOITATION IF WE CAN IMPROVE OUR COMPETITIVE PERFORMANCE.
WHILE THE CHALLENGES ARE GREAT, AUSTRALIANS NEED
NOT BE DAUNTED OR SEEK TO AVOID THEM. IN FACT, AUSTRALIA IS
BETTER PLACED THAN MANY AUSTRALIANS APPRECIATE. WHILE THERE
IS'PLENTY OF ROOM FOR IMPROVEMENT OF OUR EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
AND RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT, THEY ARE MUCH HIGHER IN QUALITY
THAN IN MOST COUNTRIES WITHIN OUR REGION AND REASONABLY GOOD
BY THE STANDARDS o? INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLDIT
IS AN ADVANTAGE THAT OUR CHILDREN GROW UP SPEAKING
ENGLISH, THE LANGUAGE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY-IN COMBINATION
WITH OUR STRONG RESOURCE BASE THESE HUMAN RESOURCES SHOULD
ENABLE AUSTRALIA TO MOVE FLEXIBLY AND EFFECTIVELY TO TAKE
ADVANTAGE OF THE EMERGING OPPORTUNITIES. MANY OF THE
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVAT IONS NOW INr THE PI PEL INE F IT IN WELL
WITH EXISTING AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRY STRUCTURES AND FACTOR
ENDOWMENTS-OUR COMBINATION OF RESOURCE ENDOWMENTS IS VERY
DIFFERENT FROM THOSE OF OTHER COUNTRIES AND OFFER THE BASIS
UPON WHICH AUSTRALIA SHOULD BE ABLE TO MAKE A DISTINCTIVE
CONTRIBUTION-WHETHER WE CAN REALISE THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS
OF OUR SITUATION DEPENDS IN PART ON OUR DEALING EFFECTIVELY
WITH SIGNIFICANT INSTITUTIONAL RESISTANCES TO CHANGECONCERN
ABOUT NEW TECHNOLOGY INCREASING
UNEMPLOYMENT IS OBVIOUSLY AMONG THE MOST IMPORTANT
CONSIDERATIONS IN THIS REGARD-INNOVATION OFTEN LEADS TO
DIRECT DISPLACEMENT OF LABOUR AT THE POINT WHERE TECHNOLOGY
IS INTRODUCED. THIS IS ESPECIALLY THE CASE IF TECHNOLOGICAL
CHANGE, RATHER THAN INTRODUCING PRODUCTS AND CREATING
ENTIRELY NEW INDUSTRIAL BASES, INSTEAD IS GEARED SIMPLY TO
IMPROVING THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING AND THEREBY TO
CUTTING COSTSOVER THE LONGER TERM TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IS GOING
TO HAVE SIGNIFICANT IMPLICATIONS BOTH FOR THE NATURE OF JOBS
UNDERTAKEN AND FOR PATTERNS OF WORK-INCREASING NUMBERS OF
~ U r i L I t S C P,! I B:: L X P EC T ED r) QL 2J
A .; UC! ALAT ' 4WiTH1 T0UR ISM AN D 1: S I tKI D :; 1
VRlED:; S I'WA;\ D S GHREEH R iUgAPH I IIN ' AT I I-W0i\ K L:
-KE 0 II 7-l i] A". S AL
ECS i7C L A Sr T T l
E C1 CI: -AL 1CL: TLC 9 C JLOLCI); C:: L2
/ SF i'll 1: T : iE E P'D ToI) NST AL-L NL L 1EC H2OL1) 6Y i INrr ;
0 V E RPA LL L EEL S 0 F D E MANDr F 0O,, L A B T M AY ALE S N C P) E, jv.
H-A L IN C9 M iES Em PLeY MEI T MA Y AL\ B--05FE 6ANtD D R! L' -TL Y i I
THE I Nt/ VA T 1 NG1 I1N DH, ST iHY Wt LR E NEW TE C Ii NCL CG E DR I ' NG LO0W:: R
p C ' NpiD CHEC II N Cf NE LD AEMAN iP cc2T s 0
ENHANC E THiE I NTE NTAI ON, COM-: I1V ENE S OF T i: IND! Y
WHATEVER THE LONGE-TEREPM EMPLOYMENT EF-FECTS OF NEW
TECHNOLOGY, GOVERNMENTS CANNOTI 1G. NRE THE It1MEDIATE SOC I AL
COSTS A'SSOC I ATLD WITH ITS I NTPOCDUCT ION1.-THE CO MMIUS, I TY;' M I'ST
ER SOME OF THE COST. CONSI SE TLY H! H OIS A CPOA
TO NAT I ONAL ECONOIC MA EMENT) T YE LA-C VE H TT
FEOM TIE PRESUMT ION THAT CIrP I) rUO! H I! Cl. JAN53
DES I RA3LE AND ALSO ASIBLE, ONLY' F MECH.' N EM! MS R E CU )
FOR DISTRIBUTING THE COSTS AIND BEN[: F T5UJ u T A L' LY
' i J AP PPA CIIA T O Ti IS CRUC! A L I SS1E HA W IN
EL EME 1T1T F RST 0U HOL: ECONOMIC 5T:' ATECY i 1) 1 R C T f-AT
I MP ROV INS THI LONG-TE OTLOO F Of EMPLOYYEN,: T IND
U NEMPLO Y ME i rI N AUSTRAL I A SECONDLY, WF A R E COMM I TTE TO
I NCREASING T-IE EFFECTIVENESS OF GENERAL SOCIAL 2U-CHRITY
. ME U RFS I PEC TED AT SUPPORT I NG A! ST PAL If NS i N NE'f 1 / 17
7.
1I4 ADDITION, WE BELIEVE THAT GOVERNMENTS AND F IRMS
MUST RESPOND SENSIT IVELY TO THE IMMEDIATE PROBLEMS OF
I ND I VIDUAL AUSTRAL IANS WHO ARE ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY THE
I N T RO0D UC l i OF N EW T E CH NOLOGY.-PO LIC I ES A RE R EQ0U I REI) 1 0
AMELIORATE FHE HARSH IMPACT OF SOME FORIPS OF TECHNOLOGICAL
CHANGEPIECEMEAL APPROACHES WILL BE UNABLE TO MAIINTAIN
STRONG GROWTH, WITH THE ASSOCIATED STRUCTURAL AIND
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, TOGETHER WITH AN EQUITABLE
DISTRIBUTION OF THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF GROWTH-IN/
ADDITION TO THE MACRO-ECONOMIC POLICIES DIRECTED AT MAKING
PROGRESS AGAINST UNEMPLOYMENT, AND THE IMPROVEMENT IN
GENERAL SOCIAL SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS, AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH
TO THE PROMOTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT NEEDS TO
EMBODY: SOUND OVERALL MICRO-ECONOMIC AND TRADE POLICIES,
DIRECTED AT PUTTING AUSTRALIAN RESOURCES TO THEIR
MOST PRODUCTIVE USESIMPROVEMENTS
IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM, ESPECIALLY
THROUGH STRENGTHENING OF EMPHASIS ON BASIC NUMERACY
AND LITERACY, INCLUDING COMPUTER LITERACY, SO THAT
THE WORKFORCE IS BETTER ABLE TO COPE WITH
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, AND TO SEIZE THE OPORTUNITIES
OFFERED BY NEW TECHNOLOGIES. a 8
INCREASING RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO OUR NATIONAL
EFFORT IN SC IENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, WH ILE MAI NTA I NING
QUALITY AND INCREASING RELEVANCE IN RESEARCHMAI
NTAI NING A SOC I ETY AND ECONOMY THAT
ARE INVOLVED IN A LIBERAL
I NTERNAT I ONAL EXCHANGE OF GOODS AND SERVICES,
INVESTMENT, PRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND IDEASMAKING
SPECIAL EFFORTS TO ADJUST TO THE RAPID
INDUSTRIALISATION OF COUNTRIES IN OUR
NEIGHBOURHOOD, IN NORTHEAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA.
FACILITATING THE TRAINING AND RETRAINING OF
WORKERSENCOURAGING CONSULTATION BETWEEN EMPLOYEES,
MANAGEMENT, GOVERNMENTS AND THE GENERAL
COMMUNITY, ON THE BENEFITS TO BE-GAINED FROM
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, AND ON HOW ADVERSE
CONSEQUENCES CAN BE AVOIDEDACKNOWLEDGING
AND RESPONDING TO THE SPECIAL NEEDS
* OF GROUPS MOST LIKELY TO BE DISADVANTAGED IN
EMPLOYMENT BY TECHNOLOG ICAL CHANGE-.11/ 9
OVER THE LONGER TERM, BEYOND RECOVERY FROM THE
RECENT ECONOMIC CRISIS, TAKING INCREASES IN LIVING
SI ANDARDS PARTLY I N THE FORM OF I NCREASED TI[ ME
SPENT our OF EMPLOYMENT IN EDUCATION, TRAI NI NG AND
LEI SURL RATHER THAN I NCREASED WAGES) IN LINE WITH
LONG-STANDING TRENDS IN ALL INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES.
THE NAT IONAL ECONOM IC RECOVERY THAT IS NOW IN
PROSPECT WILL PROVIDE A CONGENIAL ENVIRONMENT FOR
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE. WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF GREATER
EMPHASIS ON EMPLOYMENT, SOCIAL SECURITY AND POLICIES
DIRECTED AT EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION MORE GENERALLY, THE
IMPROVED ECONOMIC CLIMATE WILL INCREASE THE FUNDS AVAILABLE
FROM PROFITS FOR PRODUCT AND PROCESS INNO-VATION. THE LABOR
GOVERNMENT'S POLICIES WILL FURTHER ENCOURAGE THE USE OF
PROFITS FOR TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT. AND THE 1983-84
BUDGET DIRECTLY INCREASES THE FLOW OF FUNDS TO SCIENCE AND
TECH NO LOGYWE NEED NOT AWAIT THE FULL REALISATION OF NATIONAL
ECONOMIC RECOVERY BEFORE INTRODUCING IMIPROVED TECHNOLOGYCOUNTRIES
WHICH APPEAR TO HAVE HANDLED THE RECESSION BEST,
BOTH WITHIN OUR OWN REGION AND ELSEWHERE, HAVE USED NEW
TECHNOLOGY TO MAKE THEIR EXISTING INDUSTRIES AS EFFICIENT AS
POSSIBLE. , THEY HAVE ENCOURAGED A HIGH LEVEL OF RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT SO AS TO GENERATE NEW GOODS AND SERVICES, AND
HAVE MADE A MAJOR INVESTMENT IN THEIR EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
SYSTEMS-. S
OUR SUCCESS IN USING NEW TECHNOLOGY WILL DEPEND ON
THE QUALITY OF OUR GENERAL EDUCAT ION SYSTEM, AND RESEARCH
SYSTEMS, AND OF OUR CAPACITY AS A SOCIETY TO MANAGE
STRUCTURAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN A WAY THAT PLACES THE
LEAST POSSIBLE STRESS ON INDIVIDUALS AFFECTED BY IT-WE
MUST WORK TO ENSURE THAT H IGH STANDARDS OF A BASIC EDUCAT ION
ARE MAINTAINED WHILE WE INCREASE PARTICIPATION RATES-WE
MUST LINK OUR EFFORTS IN TRAINI NG AND RETRAIN ING TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF CONSULTATIVE PROCESSES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION
OF CHANGE. AND WE MUST MAINTAIN HIGH SCIENTIFIC STANDARDS
IN OUR RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS WHILE INCREASING THEIR
INTERACTION WITH AND RELEVANCE TO INDUSTRY. THESE ARE
THEMES THAT I PROPOSE DEVELOPING IN MORE DETAIL IN MY
ADDRESS TO THE AUSTRALIAN COMPUTER CONFERENCE LATER TODAYIN
THE FINAL ANALYSIS THE SUCCESS WITH WHICH
AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRY UTILISES TECHNOLOGY TO HEIGHTEN
COMPETITIVENESS WILL DEPEND ON THE ABILITY OF THE WORKFORCE
TO ADAPT TO, AND WORK EFFICIENTLY WITH, THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES
BEING INTRODUCED. TRAINING OF THE WORKFOiLCE TO MAXIMISE THE
BENEFITS OF MORE SOPHISTICATED CAPITAL PROCESSES IS
CRITICAL-IT IS IMPORTANT TO PLAN FOR THE CREATION OF A
BASE OF SKILLS ACROSS THE WHOLE WORKFORCE THROUGH THE
GENERAL EDUCATION SYSTEM, AND ALSO TO ENSURE THE ADEQUATE
RETRAINING OF THE EXISTING WORKFORCE TO HANDLE NEW
TECHNOLOGIES MORE CAPABLY-./ 11
11.
I. E GOV L RNM ~ NT I; u BUD-J ET HiA S VF Y
SUBSTANT IALLY I NC RL,-' AD ALOCAT I F-O TRA IN I NG AND
R ETA INI G AmoN -I MO IPORTAtIll' MEASURES WERE $ 268
MI LLON, AN '; tI tAiF: R 3 j 23 CENT, FOP 1 RADE, SK
Wo i o; US o 3GAP m'. Q I1N -288.* 1 1k ~ PL C LNT
CL~ A1HCATR!' O ~ H fliu~ i:, mYL PA'TIClArE i
1' R A I ' G AHN TI P A I IN N :_ 1: DS IHE UA T ON OF WOME.,
AITRACTI NG PA i. TiCULAR ATTENTION AT THIS TIME WHEN MY
Go v I:! Ei ri i! S PRESS NC A HEAD WI TF ITS DET LR MIATITION0 1-N ACT
1 I-I SEX Lirl T 0! i1
WlL I EVE WE MUST COIS IDE ClI E; ULILY T11;
! MPL I CAT I OS . OF THE DOM I NANT CONT EMPORARY FORMS OF
TECIINOLOG ICAL CHANGE FOR THE CONT I NUED I NVOLVEMENT OF W9MENl
IN THE WORKFORCE, AND FOR CHANGES I N THE GENERAL
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE AND STATUS OF WOMENuUPPI
TE THE APPARENT IMPROVEMENT
SOCIO-ECONO.; i C P05IT II OF WO. MFN, THE LIN FORT NNL I AC
TIHAT THE OVERI'ALL SITUATION OF WOMEN I N TIE WORKFO RCE HAS NOT
UND) ERGONE THE NEVOLUTIONARY CHANGFS SLGGESTEI) BY THE
HISTORICALLY S; GNlFICANT UPSURGE IN. THEIR GENE RAL
PARTICIPATION PATES I I
12,
DURING THE 1970' S ALMOST TWO-THIRDS OF THE GROWTH
OF FEMALE EMPLOYMENT CONSISTED OF PART-TIME JOBS WITH ALL
THE DISADVANTAGES NORMALLY ASSOCIATED WITH PART-TIME AND
CASUAL EMPLOYMENT: POOR CONDITIONS AND THE REALITY OF
LOW-SKILLED ACTIVITY, WITH FEW CAREER OPENINGS, W'OMEN HAVE
ALSO BEEN CONCENTRATED IN " tTRADITIONALLY FEMALE" i ACITIVITIES;
CLERICAL AND SALES AND SERVICE OCCUPATIONS STILL ACCOUNT FOR
OVER 60 PER CENT OF THE FEMALE WORKFORCE IN AUSTRALIA, OUR
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IS TENDING TO PERPETUATE THESE TRENDS,
LESS THAN 30 PER CENT OF LAW AND MATHEMATICS GRADUATES ARE
FEMALE AND THE PROPORTION IS LESS THAN 2 PER CENT AMONG
ENGINEERING GRADUATES. WOMEN ARE ALSO SHOULDERING A
DISPROPORTIONATE BURDEN OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND RECEIVE
SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER INCOMES ON AVERAGE THAN DO MALES,
W1HAT WILL BE THE LIKELY IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL
CHANGE ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC POSITION OF WOMEN WORKERS?
IN ALL PROBABILITY THEY WILL BE AMONG THE MOST SERIOUSLY
DISADVANTAGED IF TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS ARE EFFECTED IN
THE ABSENCE OF AN APPROPRIATE POLICY FRAMEWORK,
THE I, L. 0, HAS CONCLUDED'T* HAT. IT IS NOW NOT APPROPRIATE
TO TALK ABOUT THE LABOUR MARKET IN A GENERAL SENSE, WE NOW
HAVE A SITUATION THE I. L. 0, DESCRIBES IN TERMS OF A PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY LABOUR MARKET, THE FORMER IS CHARACTERISED
BY HIGH STATUS, STABLE EMPLOYMENT, HICH SKILL REQUIREMENTS,
HIGH EARNINGS AND GOOD PROSPECTS FOR ADVANCEMENT, THE LATTER
DISPLAYS THE OPPOSITE TRAITS LOW STATUS, HIGH _/ 13
TURNOVER AND EMPLOYMENT INSTABILITY, LOW SKILL REQUIREMENTS,
LOW EARNINGS AND FEW ADVANCEMENT OPPORTUNITIES. IN THIS
DUAL LABOUR MARKET WOMEN DOMINATE THE SECONDARY IMARKFT,
UNLESS RADICAL CHANGES ARE CONSCIOUSLY SOUGHT IN
THE TRADITIONAL LABOUR MARKET POSITION OF WOMEN, THE ENTRY
AND ADVANCEMENT POSSIBILITIES OF WOMEN TO THE NEW
TECHNOLOGICAL ELITE AMONG THE WORKING PROPULATION WILL BE
CONSIDERABLY RESTRICTED. RELATIVELY FEW WOMEN ARE QUALIFIED
TO PROCEED INTO JOBS THE NEW TECHNOLOGY IS CREATING OR INTO
TERTIARY STUDIES THAT MAY LEAD TO THE HIGHER TECHNOLOGICAL
JOBS.-IT IS AN IMPORTANT RESPONSIBILITY OF GOVERNMENTS TO
ENSURE THAT THE ADJUSTMENT BURDEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE IMPACT
OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IS AS FAR AS POSSIBLE EQUITABLY BORNE BY
ALL GROUPS IN THE LABOUR MARKET, JUST AS IT SHOULD BE TO
ENSURE GREATER EQUITY IN ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
RESULTING FROM NEW TECHNOLOGIES.
THE PROBLEMS OF DISADVANTAGED GROUPS HOWEVER GO
DEEPER THAN THE ADEQUACY OR INADEQUACY OF POLICIES DEVELOPED
TO MEET-THEIR PARTICULAR NEEDS. THEIR SITUATION UNDERLINES
THE NECESSITY OF BUILDING A COMMUNITY CONSENSUS AROUND HOW
WE MIGHT BEST MOVE TO MEET THE RAPIDLY CHANGING DEMANDS OF A
HIGHLY COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT.
THE BEST WAY TO MAXIMISE THE POSITIVE SOCIAL
EFFECTS OF NEW TECHNOLOGY, AND TO REDUCE THE NEGATIVE, IS
THROUGH THE FULL PARTICIPATION OF ALL CONCERNED IN
DELIBERATIONS ON HOW THE NEW TECHNOLOGY IS INTRODUCED. A
COMMON THREAD RUNNING THROUGH THE EXPERIENCE Or' THOSE
COUNTRIES MOST SUCCESSFUL IN HANDLING THE INTRODUCTION OF
MODERN TECHNOLOGIES HAS BEEN THE WILLINGNESS OF THE SOCIAL
PARTNERS OF GOVERNMENT, UNIONS AND EMPLOYERS TO CONSULT
WITH EACH OTHER AT THE NATIONAL, INDUSTRY AND ENTERPRISE
LEVEL AND TO ANTICIPATE AND RESOLVE PROBLEMS WHICH SEEM TO
BE OF CONCERNTHIS WILL SOMETIMES BE AN AREA IN WHICH INVESTMENT
IN CO-OPERATION AND SOCIAL HARMONY, AT SOME ECONOMIC COST
IN THE SHORT TERM, YIELDS HIGH ECONOMIC AS WELL AS SOCIAL
RETURNS IN THE LONG-TERM-IT CAN MAKE SUSTAINED ECONOMIC
GROWTH POSSIBLE, WHEN IT WOULD OTHERWISE BE FACED BY
INCREASINGLY STRONG SOCIAL AND POLITICAL RESISTANCES. JAPAN
PROVIDES A GOOD EXAMPLE OF THIS-JAPAN'S
INSTITUTIONALISATION OF CONSULTATION BETWEENi GOVERNMENT,
UNIONS AND EMPLOYERS HAS BEEN AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN ITS
ABILITY TO CAPITALISE ON THE BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGICAL
CHANGE-. s i1/ 15
THE STEEL INDUSTRY ASSISTANCE PACKAGE OFFERS AN
LAAMPLE OF HOW WE SHOULD AIM TO PROCEED. THERE AN
INTEGRATED APPROACH WAS ADOPTED AFTER AN EXTENSIVE PROCESS
OF CONSULTATION WITH ALL PARTIES. THERE WAS A RECOGNITION
THAr NOT ALL JOBS COULD BE RETAI NED, BUT AT THE SAME TIME
THE INDUSTRY ACKNOWLEDGED THE NEED TO ENHANCE ITS
COMPETITIVE POSITION THROUGH INVESTMENT IN NEW TECHNOLOGIESALONGSIDE
OUR EFFORTS THROUGH EDUCATION AND
TRAINING, AND OTHER MEANS OF INCREASING AUSTRALIANS'
CAPACITY TO MAKE USE OF OPPORTUNITIES PROVIDED BY NEW
TECHNOLOGY, AND THROUGH CONSULTATIVE PROCESSES AND OTHER
MEANS OF MAKING RAPID TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ACCEPTABLE TO
AUSTRALIANS, IT IS IMPORTANT THAT AUSTRALIA MAKES SUFFICIENT
WELL-DIRECTED INVESTMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND ADAPTATION
OF NEW TECHNOLOGY. THIS EFFORT MUST ENCOMPASS NOT ONLY PURE
RESEARCH, IN WHICH OUR ACHIEVEMENTS ARE IMPRESSIVE, BUT ALSO
APPLIED AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCHTHE
ENCOURAGEMENT OF R& D IN AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRY, OF
INNOVATION AND OF A CLIMATE WHERE RISK-TAKING ON NEW
PRODUCTS CAN FLOURISH, RATES HIGH AMONlG THE LABOR
GOVERNMENT'S PRIORITIESI, i a / 16
16.
QUESTIONS ARISE WHEN WE REFLECT UPON THE DRASTIC
DECLINE IN AUSTRALIA'S RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EFFORT IN4
RECENT YEARS. By COMPARISON WITH MANY COUNTRIES, AUSTRALIA
DIVERTS A RELATIVELY SMALL PERCENTAGE ONLY 1.03 PER CENT
OF ITS GDP TO THE FINANCE OF RESEARCH A. ND DEVELOPMENT. THE
QUESTIONS ARE MORE DISTURBING WHEN IT IS RECOGNISED THAT A
RELATIVELY LOW PROPORTION OF R& D WAS PERFORMED IN THE
PRIVATE SECTOR. AUSTRALIAN BUSINESS ENTERPRISES IN 1979
ACCOUNTED FOR ABOUT ONLY ONE-FIFTH ON THE NATIONAL R& D
EFFORT, WHILE IN MOST ADVANCED OECD COUNTRIES THEY ACCOUNTED
FOR OVER 40 PER CENT OF THAT EFFORT.
AS A SMALL ECONOMY RICH IN NATURAL RESOURCES, WE
HAVE DEMONSTRATED BOTH IN THE RURAL AND MINING FIELDS AN
IMPRESSIVE CAPACITY TO GENERATE HIGH-QUALITY RESEARCH-WE
ARE IN THE FOREFRONT, BOTH OF INNOVATION AND APPLICATION OF
NEW TECHNOLOGY, IN MANY ASPECTS OF OUR PRIMARY PRODUCTIONTHE
SAME UNFORTUNATELY HAS NOT BEEN THE CASE IN OUR
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY-WOULD EXPECT THE ADAPTATION OF
OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENTS TO CONTINUE TO BE A PRINCIPLE SOURCE
OF NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRY-IN MANY AREASBUT
ALONGSIDE THIS) IT IS IMPORTANT THAT LOCAL ENTERPRISES
MOVE MORE DELIBERATELY TO ENHANCE THEIR OWN RESEARCH
CAPACITIES. / 1s7
17.
LOOKING AT THE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE IN OUR PRIMARY
AND SOME OF OUR SERVICE INDUSTRIES, ALONGSIDE THE SLUGGISH
PACE OF CHANGE IN MUCH OF MANUFACTURING, I CANNOT HELP
THINKING THAT AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENTS MUST ACCEPT A GOOD DEAL
OF RESPONSIBILIIY FOR POOR PERFORMANCE IN THE LATTER AREA.
SOME FORMS OF PROTECTION AGAINST IMPORTS HAVE DULLED THE
ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT AND REDUCED THE COMPETITIVE PRESSURES
FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE BY A NUMBER OF AUSTRALIAN
MANUFACTURERS. AS A CONSEQUENCE, I SUGGEST THAT THE
SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY CAREFULLY CONSIDERS THE IMPLICATIONS OF
ANY DEMANDS FOR HIGH PROTECTION FOR AUSTRALIAN PRODUCTS
EMBODYING NEW TECHNOLOGY.
ACROSS THE WHOLE RANGE OF ACTIVITIES, AUSTRALIA'S
RECORD IN TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IS NOT UNIMPRESSIVE. IN
PURE AND SOME APPLIED RESEARCH IT COMPARES FAVOURABLY WITH
THAT OF LEADING DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. THE FANTASTIC
PERFORMANCE IN RECENT DAYS OF AUSTRALIA 11 BEARS THIS OUT.
IN THAT CASE THE COMBINATION OF AUSTRALIAN TECHNOLOGICAL
SKILL, EFFECTIVE TEAM WORK AND DEDICATED COMMITMENT TO AN
OBJECTIVE HAS PUT AUSTRALIA AHEAD OF THE REST OF THE
INDUSTRALISED WORLD-/ 18
THERE IS OTHER EVIDENCE OF AUSTRALIAN SUCCESS IN
', RODUCT DESIGN. SEVEN OF THE THIRTEEN AWARDS PRESENTED AT
rHE TENTH ANNUAL I NTERNAT I ONAL TECHNOLOGY EXCHANGE FAIR I I
MARCH 1982 WERE WON BY AUSTRALIAN PARTICIPANTS AND THIF: RE
iAVE BEEN A NUMBER UF MANUFACTURING SUCCESSES WHICH HAVE
ATTRACTED WORLD ACCLAIM, INCLUDING IN RECENT YEARS
HARVESTERS, AUTOMATIC TOTALISATORS, YACHT WINCHES, THE WINE
CASK, THE POP-TOP CAN, THE ROTARY CLOTHESLINE, BRAND NAME
PROJECTORS AND WET SUITS, THE ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETER AND THE SELF-TWIST SPINNING MACHINE.
OUTSIDE MANUFACTURING, WE HAVE LONG BEEN WORLD LEADERS IN
RURAL TECHNOLOGY, MINING AND METALLURGY, THE INTERSCAN
AIRPORT APPROACH SYSTEM IS AN IMPRESSIVE RECE1, T ADDITION TO
A LONG HISTORY OF TRANSPORT INNOVATION.
BUT WE DO HAVE AN OBVIOUS WEAKNESS IN THE
COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION OF MANY OF OUR GOOD IDEAS-WHILE ON
ONE REPUTABLE MEASURE AUSTRALIA IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SOME
2 PER CENT OF THE WORLD'S SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, WE CAN ONLY
CLAIM 0.7 PER CENT OF THE PATENTS ON WHICH TECHNOLOGICAL
INNOVATION IS BASED AND CAN ONLY COUNT 0.3 PER CENT OF
TECHNOLOGY-INTENSIVE EXPORTS AND 0.1 PER CENT OF SALES OF
TECHNOLOGY WITHIN THE OECD COUNTRIES. 19
111. 71
THIS RECORD IS PATHETIC. THlE GAP BETWEEN RESEA\ RCH
AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT MUST BE CLOSED. THE SLOW RATE OF
TECHNOLOGY TRA\ NSFER INTO NEW PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES MUST BE
ACCELERATED-INDEED WE MUST GO BEYOND THI s. APART FROM
PRODUCT INNOVATION, NONVPRICE COMPETITION THROUGH QUALITY
CHARACTER IST ICS HAS BEEN A MAJOR ELEMENT IN THE I NDUSTR IAL
SUCCESS OF OTHER COUNTR IES. WE MUST THEREFORE LEARN NOT
ONLY HOW TO DEVELOP THE PRODUCT -WE MUST ALSO FOCUS ON WHAT
IS REQUIRED TO MARKET IT.-
THE PROBLEM IS IN PART ONE OF PRIORITIES AND
EFFECTIVE CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION. AUSTRALIA'S RESEARCH
INSTITUTIONS ARE TOO ISOLATED, BOTH INTELLECTUALLY AND
PHYSICALLY, FROM INDUSTRY; ACADEMIA HAS GIVEN INSUFFICIENT
ATTENTION TO POSSIBLE ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS OF ITS RESEARCH;
AND INDUSTRY HAS NOT CONDUCTED ENOUGH OF ITS OWN IN-HOUSE
R& D. I AM PLEASED THAT THE SITUATION IS BEGINNING TO
IMPROVE WITH UNIVERSITIES ESTABLISHING INDUSTRY LIAISON
UNITS, CSIRO USING A VARIETY OF MEANS TO BUILD CLOSER
INTERACTIVE LINKS WITH INDUSTRY, RESEARCH ASSOCIATIONS BEING
FORMED AT THE INDUSTRY LEVEL, AND INNOVATION CENTRES BEING
ESTABLISHED IN SOME STATES. THE VICTOR MOWER THAT
LAUNCHED RECENTLY PROVIDES A GOOD EXAMPLE OF WHAT CAN BE
ACHIEVED BY EfFECTIVE CO-OPERATION BETWEEN GOVERNMENT
SPONSORED RESEARCH AND PRIVATE SECTOR COMMERCIALISATION.
SUCH MOVES ARE NECESSARY IF AUSTRALIA IS TO BE ABLE TO
COMPETE EFFECTIVELY IN A RAPIDLY CHANGING WORLD-
AUSTRALIA'S INDUSTRIAL VIABILITY IS DEPENDENT ON
N14OVATION, ADAPTATION AND COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION. THIS
I'F:, NMENT IS DETERMINED TO PROVIDE AN ECONOMIC AND
P,,. ITICAL CLIMATE IN WHICH INDUSTRIAL INNOVATION CAN
I SH THE MAI N ROLE OF GOVERNMENT I S TO PROV I DE THE
MACRO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT, INCLUDING THE POLICIES DIRECTED
AT ACHIEVING A FAIR DISTRIBUTION OF THE COSTS AND BENEFITS
OF GROWTH, WITHIN WHICH ECONOMIC CHANGE CAN OCCUR. BUT IN
SOME AREAS THERE IS A NEED FOR MORE DIRECT INTERVENTION TO
INFLUENCE BUSINESS DECISIONS, WHEN IT SEEMS THAT THE MARKET
IT NOT WORKING TO ACHIEVE AN EFFICIENT ALLOCATION OF
RESOURCESTHE GOVERNMENT IDENTIFIED ONE SUCH AREA OF MARKET
FAILURE IN THE FINANCING OF SMALL, INNOVATIVE MANUFACTURING
FIRMS. THIS MARKET FAILURE SEEMED TO LEAD TO
UNDER-INVESTMENT IN THESE ACTIVITIES, VIEWED FROM THE
INTERESTS OF THE COMMUNITY AS A WHOLE.
ACCORDINGLY, WE HAVE RECENTLY TAKEN ACTION TO
ENCOURAGE THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SUBSTANTIAL VENTURE CAPITAL
MARKET IN AUSTRALIA. TAX CONCESSIONS ANNOUNCED THE WEEK / 21
BEFORE LAST SHOULD LEAD TO SOME $ 140 MILLION BEING AVAILABLE
TO HIGH RISK INDUSTRY VENTURES. A MANAGEMENT AND INVESTMENT
COMPANY LiCENCING BOARD IS BEING ESTABLISHED TO ADMINISTER
THE PROGRAM AND TO LICENCE MANAGEMENT AND INVESTMENT
COMPANIES. SUCH COMPANIES AFTER ASSESSING EACH VENTURE IN
TERMS OF TECHNICAL AN MARKET PROSPECTS FOR ITS PRODUCTSWILL
BE ABLE TO PROVIDE NOT ONLY CAPITAL BUT ALSO OFTEN
BADLY NEEDED MANAGEMENT SKILLS-WITH THESE STEPS A
REASONABLE BALANCE HAS I BELIEVE BEEN STRUCK BY THE
GOVERNMENT BETWEEN SUPPORT FOR POTENTIALLY VALUABLE
ENTERPRISES AND THE COST THEY SHOULD LEGITIMATELY PLACE ON
THE REST OF THE COMMUNITYTHE
GOVERNMENT IS ALSO CONCERNED TO INCREASE THE
FLOW OF RESOURCES DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN PROMOTING STRUCTURAL
CHANGE DIRECTED AT RAISING NATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY. TO THIS
END, WE MOVED TO EXPAND THE AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRIES
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION'S LENDING POWERS. WE ARE ENHANCING
THE AIDC'S ABILITY TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRY-ITS GEARING RATIO IS BEING INCREASED
FROM 8: 1 TO 15: 1; THE GOVERNMENT WILL GUARANTEE AIDC's
BORROWING TO ALLOW IT T. 0 MOVE INTO THE VENTURE CAPITAL
MAARKET IN A BIGGER WAY; AND THE AIDC WILL NOW BE ALLOWED TO
EXTEND LOANSITO THE SERVICES SECTOR AND TOURISM-THESE
MEASURES ARE IN ADDITION TO THE $ 12.5 MILLION CAPITAL
INJECTION PROVIDED IN THE 1983-84 BUDGET FOR THE AIDC WHOSE
22.
STATUTORY CAPITAL BASE IS NOW TO BE RAISED FROM $ 100 MILLION
TO $ 150 MILLION. THIS SUPPORT REPRESENTS PRACTICAL ACTION
BY THE GOVERNMENT AIMED AT ASSIST ING THE F INANCING OF THE
NECESSARY RESTRUCTURING AND REVITALISATION OF AUSTRALIAN
I NDUs rRYTHE UPGRADING OF AUSTRALIA' S TECHNOLOGICAL BASE IS
ESSENTIAL IF THE COMPETITIVENESS OF AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRY IS
TO BE IMPROVED. ACCORDINGLY INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT WAS ACCORDED A VERY HIGH PRIORITY IN
THE 1983-84 BUDGET. MORE THAN $ 71 MILLION WAS ALLOCATED TO
THE AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMEN4T
INCENTIVES SCHEME A RISE OF MORE THAN 30 PER CENT ON THE
1982-83 ALLOCATION); $ 23 MILLION WAS ALLOCATED TO CSIRO
RESEARCH PROGRAMS RELEVANT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW
TECHNOLOGIES AND $ 1.2 MILLION WAS PROVIDED FOR THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF SIROTECH, A COMPANY DEDICATED TO
ENCOURAGING A HIGHER DEGREE OF PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT IN
PROMISING NEW TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPED BY CSIRO.
A FURTHER $ 8.5 MILLION WAS EARMARKED FOR MULTIPLIER
AGENCIES, RESEARCH ASSOCIATIONS AND OTHER PROGRAMS TO
PROMOTE AND DEVELOP HIGH TECHNOLOGY GROWTH INDUSTRIES,
INCLUDING ANALYSIS OF NEW MARKET OPPORTUNITIES AND SUPPORT
FOR INNOVATION CENTRES AND ASSISTANCE TO INVENTORSADDITIONALLY,
THE GOVERNMENT HAS PROVIDED FUNDS FOR A / 213
23.
NATIONAL RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS SCHEME DESIGNED TO BRIDGE THE
GAP BETWEEN INDUSTRY AND ACADEMIA.-THE SCHEME WILL GENERATE
CROSS-FLRTILISATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND TALENT WHICH IS A
PRE'_ hiEEtJISITE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY BASED ON THE BEST
AV A I LABLE T ECHNOLOGY
IT SHOULD ALSO FACILITATE CLOSER LINKS BETWEEN
INDUSTRY ANJD RESEARCHERS AND TERTIARY EDUCATION AND PROVIDE
A SKILLED WORKFORCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH TECHNOLOGYTHE
AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH GRANTS SCHEME FOR 1984 HAS ALSO BEEN
INCREASED BY 16 PER CENT OVER THE 1983 CALENDAR YEAR
ALLOCATION-IT CAN BE EXPECTED TO CONTINUE TO CONTRIBUTE
SIGNIFICANTLY TO THE STRONG PROGRAM OF BASIC RESEARCH
ESSENTIAL TO AUSTRALIA'S DEVELOPMENT.
TOGETHER THESE MEASURES REPRESENT VERY SIGNIFICANT
SUPPORT FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND SHOULD NOT ONLY
STIMULATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW INDUSTRIES) BUT ALSO
CONTRIBUTE TO THE BROADER GOALS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH,
STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION BY EXISTING INDUSTRIES AND GREATER
ORIENTATION OF AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRY TOdARDS EXPORTSWE
HAVE IN THIS COUNTRY THE INTELLECTUAL
WHEREWITHAL TO ADOPT A NEW ATTITUDE THAT ALLOWS US TO MAKE
BETTER USE OF NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR OUR NATIONAL PURPOSES-WE
HAVE GOOD SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES, STABLE GOVERNMENT AND
THE OBVIOUS POTENTIAL TO BUILD A GREAT FUTURE, BASED ON THE
DEVELOPMENT AN~ D APPRECIATION OF INNOVATIVE INDUSTRIAL
S TR UCT URES-~./ 214
24.
SOME WILL SAY TO THIS THAT AUSTRALIA IS NOT YET
READY; THAT THE COST OF ADJUSTMENT IS UNACCEPTABLY HIGH;
THAT PROTECTION MUST BE PROVIDED AGAINST THE GROWING POWER
OF OVERSEAS COMPETITION. TO THEM I CAN SIMPLY SAY: " I HEAR
YOU, B3UT CANNOT AGREE"-
OUR FUTURE IS IN OUR OWN HANDS. WE MUST ADDRESS
THOSE ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS AND POLICY FAILURES WHICH HAVE
HAMPERED THE PROCESS BY WHICH TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IS
CONVERTED INTO REAL INCOME GROWTH RATHER THAN UNEMPLOYMENTWE
MUST RECOGNISE THE NEED FOR ADAPTATION IN TRADITIONAL
INDUSTRIES AND A GROWING ROLE FOR NEW TECHNOLOGY-BASED
INDUSTRIES WHERE OPPORTUNITY FOR NEW PRODUCTS, AND
CONSEQUENT GROWTH ABOUNDS-IF NOTHING ELSE, THE
INCREASINGLY COMPETITIVE CHARACTER OF THE WORLD AROUND
SHOULD FORCE THIS RECOGNITION ON USTHE
TASK BEFORE US IS TO MAKE TECHNOLOGY WORK FOR
AUST RALIA. WE CAN CREATE THE INDUSTRIAL CAPABILITY, FIRST
IN THE DOMESTIC MARKET AND THEN IN EXPORTS. THE RESULTANT
GROWTH AND BENEFITS TO ALL WILL MORE THAN JUSTIFY THE
EFFORT. 4 4 4 4.
I