NOTES FOR A SPEECH BY THE PRIME MINISTER AT A D
CIVIC LUNCH CASINO-MONDAY 14 JANUARY 1974
I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MR. ANTHONY FOR'INTRODUCING
ME. I HAVE OBSERVED WITH INTEREST IN THE LAST WEERKTHE MOVES
FOR HIS PARTY TO MERGE WITH ANOTHER SMALLER GROUP INTO WHAT
IS BEING TERMED THE NATIONAL ALLIANCE. THESE MOVES HAVE THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF SEEING THE SECOND NATIONAL ALLIANCE . TO COME
ON TO THE POLITICAL SCENE IN AUSTRALIA. ' THOSE TWO WORDS COULD
EASILY HAVE BEEN USED TO DESCRIBE THE LABOR PARTY FOR MANY
YEARS, FOR THE LABOR PARTY HAS BEEN THE ONLY POLITICAL
ORGANISATION IN AUSTRALIA WHICH CAN TRULY CLAIM TO REPRESENT
AN ALLIANCE OF ALL OUR NATIONAL INTERESTS. iR
IT IS NOT A SECTION!_-PARTY. IT HAS ALWAYS
" PRESEiTED PEOPLE THROUG'Ij. V OUR NATION AND NOT JUST THOSE
' HO LIVE IN PART OF If. IT IS NEITHER A CITY PARTY ALONE NOR
' IRRAL PARTY ALONE, IT . EPF.: CLNTS BOTH SECTIONS OF OUR
0 COUNTRY, NOR IS IT SIMPLY A WORKING-CLASS PARTY, TO BE SURE
' TS FOUNDATIONS LIE IN THE NEEDS OF WORKING MEN AND WE WILL
S ALWAYS BE DEDICATED TO PRESERVING THEIR INTERESTS, BUT IT iS
.' IJST AS MUCH CONCERNED WITH THE NEEDS OF OTHER PEOPLE IN THE
CO23IMUNITY, . I MAKE THIS POINT BECAUSE I FEEL THERE HAS BEEN SOME
-! DENCY, INEVITABLY PROMOTED BY OUR OPPONENTS, TO BRAND THE
) R PARTY AS AN ANTI-RURAL PARTY,. THE TRUTH IS WE ARE
"' Di \ TED TO THE CREATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SELF-SUFFICIENT,
: OS'pROUS AND FFcir; ' ST iNiiDS ' RIES
4' ' l l
I S. 0' A
TO ACHIEVE. THIS AIM WE ARE STRIVING TO IMPROVE THE DOMESTIC
MARKET FOR. PRIMARY PRODUCE, TO CONSOLIDATE EXISTING EXPORT
S MARKETS AND TO CREATE NEW MARKETS. ' I BELIEVE THAT THE LAST
. YEAR HAS. UNDOUBTEDLY BEEN A SUCCESSFUL ONE IN THOSE TERMS.
. CONTRARY-TO WHAT THE PREACHERS OFTHE RURAL-DOOMSDAY MIGHT.
S SAY, PRIMARY INDUSTRY IN AUSTRALIA GENERALLY IS EXTREMELY
BUOYANT. AT PRESENT. LET US LOOK FOR EVIDENCE OF THIS.. ASSERTION
THE. FIGURES FOR FARM INCOME IN AUSTRALIA. IN THE THREE
YEARS ENDED 1969/ 70 . FARM INCOME AVERAGED ABOUT $ 1,050 M,
" A YEAR. . THE ONSET OF DROUGHT AND DECLINING PRICES CAUSED
FARM INCOME TO DROP TO $ 885 M. IN 1970/ 71 AND MANY PRODUCERS
FACED SERIOUS FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES. THOSE PROBLEMS HAVE
BY AND LARGE BEEN COMPLETELY REVERSED AND THE CURRENT ESTIMATE
i! FARM INCOME FOR 1973/ 74 IS $ 2,885 M. MORE THAN THREE TIMES
AS GREPT AS IN 1970/ 71 AND WELL OVER DOUBLE THE AVERAGE INCOME
FOR THE THREE YEARS BEFORE THEN.
A SIMILAR PATTERN OF IMPROVEMENT CAN BE SEEN BY
EXAMINING THE'FIGURES FOR EXPORTS OF RURAL ORIGIN, IN 1971/ 72
AUSTRALIA EARNED $ 2,419.3 M. FROM THESE EXPORTS. IT IS
ESTIMATED THAT IN 1973/ 74 THEY WILL BE WORTH .$ 3874.4 M.
A VERY HEALTHY IMPROVEMENT. INDEED.
ONE OF THE INDUSTRIES WHICH HAS BENEFITED PARTICULARLY
' OM THE RESURGENCE OF OUR RURAL AREAS IS THE MEAT INDUSTRY, WHICH
SATTRACTING INCREASING SUPPORT IN THIS, AREA. PRODUCTION OF
BEEF AND VEAL HAS GROWN AND EXPORTS HAVE ALSO INCREASED QUITE
,; 1AMitTICALLY. AUSTRALIA EXPORTED 339,000 TONNES OF BEEF AND
VEAL IN 1970/ 71'. THIS GREW TO 585,000 TONNES IN 1972/ 73 AND
CURRENT ESTIMATES ARE THAT WE WILL EXPORT 658,000 TONNES IN
-3-
1973/ 74 ALMOST A DOUBLING OF OUR EXPORT MARKET-IN THREE
YEARS. ONE-INDUSTRY OF, CONCERN TO THE PEOPLE OF THIS
AREA THE DAIRY INDUSTRY-HAS FACED CONTINUING PROBLEMS$
I AM AWARE* THAT. OUR DECISION TO PHASE OUT THE DAIRY BOUNTY
HAS AROUSED CRITICISM AMONG DAIRYING INTERESTS. HOWEVER,
I WOULD EMPHASISE THAT THIS DECISION IS IN-LINE WITH THE
GOVERNMENT'S CONVICTION THAT THE EXPENDITURE OF PUBLIC
FUNDS SHOULD BE PURPOSEFUL. IN OUR VIEW THE DAIRY BOUNTY
HAD CEASED TO BE PURPOSEFUL. DESPITE THE OUTLAY OF $ 770 M.
OVER THE YEARS THE BOUNTY HAD NOT CONTRIBUTED TO SOLVING
THE INDUSTRY'S MAJOR PROBLEM THAT OF ADJUSTING FARM
PRODUCTION TO REALISTIC LOCAL. AND OVERSEAS MARKET DEMAND.
AS A WT.'! RE MEASURE THE BOUNTY PROVED INEFFECTIVE BECAUSE
IE BULI CF -I , ENT TO THE LARGER AND WEALTHIER PRODUCERS
WHO NEEDED IT LEAST, IT HAD ALSO BECOME BUILT INTO THE
PRICE OF LAND AND OTHER DA! RY INPUTS AND-ADDED TO PRODUCTION
COSTS. EVEN BEFORE THE BUDGET, THE DEPUTY CHIEF OF THE
DAIRYING DIVISION OF THE VICTORIAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
HAD ARGUED THAT ANY BENEFITS FARMERS HAD RECEIVED FROM THE
D ONTY HAD LONG BEEN CANCELLED OUT BY UNREALISTIC LAND
PRICES AND OTHER CAPITAL GAINS. 4/
a
WE HAVE DECIDED TO GET AWAY FROM AN OPEN-ENDED
COMMITMENT. TO THE BOUNTY, WHICH IS LEAVING THE FUNDAMENTAL
PROBLEMS OF THE INDUSTRY UNSOLVED4 AND TO PROVIDE MONEY TO
STABILISE THE INDUSTRY SO THAT IT CAN STAND ON ITS OWN
FEET. WE WILL DO THIS BY INDUSTRY ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE
AND WE HAVE UNDERTAKEN TO DEVELOP, ADJUSTMENT. PROPOSALS IN
CONSULTATION WITH THE INDUSTRY. EXTENSIVE CONSULTATION
HAS GONE ON ALMOST CONTINUOUSLY SINCE AUGUST AND OFFICERS
OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY HAVE VISITED'ABOUT
FORTY GROUPS IN ALL STATES INCLUDING THE NORTH COAST REGION.
THEY HAVE CONSULTED, AMONG OTHERS, THE CASINO CO-OPERATIVE
DAIRY SOCIETY LIMITED, NORCO CO-OPERATIVE LIMITED, THE
KYOGLE RURAL RE-CONSTRUCTION COMMITTEE, . THE NEW SOUTH WALES.
) AIRY FARMERS ASSOCIATION AND THE NEW SOUTH WALES DAIRY
, io; J ;:--iOlTY. SIMULTi,; LEOUSLY MANY WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS
h; AVE BEEi ' rlADE AND THE 0', O:: OMf OF ALL OF THIS IS THAT NEARLY
.100 SEPARATE , SUGGES: IOiS HAVE COME FROM'INDUSTRY SOURCES ANi;
STATE AIITHORITIES. ' TEY COVER THE POSSIBLE BROADENIiG OF
THE EXISTING-MARGiNAL DAIRY FARM RE-CONSTRUCTION SCHEME AND
A HUiMBER OF PROPOSALS FOR ACTION AT BOTH FARM AND FACTORY
LEVEL. THE DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY IS NOW GIVING TOP
" RTORITY TO ANALYSING AND ASSESSING THE'MERITS OF THESE
PROPOSALS AND THE POSSIBLE COSTS: IT iS DOING THIS IN THE
. GHT OF THE GOVERNMENT'S WISH THAT ADJUSTMENT EXPENDITURE
IVE A POSITIVE RESULT IN THE INTERESTS OF THE : INDUSThRY
'-I-Tg1irtEa rn-A n. r N 7PT FO
OF THE DAIRY INDUSTRY, rO3R 2-XAMkuL,, W F
~%~ OTONNES FOR 19y/ 3// 4.* J OULD ADD THA1T
* WAS MADE BEFORF TIM C'f
OF CHEDDAR CHEESE FROMt AUSTRALIA IN THE FIRST TI1RFr
I.-. P
i I N% GIR EfY ) I E* 1Nw. MAY . r 0
* BuslNV.---SmAN -IN NOVEMBER: T-t, Fn! 2. Fij.
Ml. KEP LiNDEE'.; Vl 311
N l Al. A N 1 PROMOTE'PROPOSALS FOR T-HE GUIDANCE AND" ASSISTMJCF
OF SMALL BUSINESS. Ai-ANOTHER LEVEL THEL PRsE ~ OEN~. I
* IRST 1To TAkE. POSI TIVE AND DECISIVE., ACT. ION -TO PROMOTE
DECENTRAL I-SAT ION IN AUSTRALIA. PLAN'MI Ni FOR THE CriA. 6
OF A NEW GROWTH CENTRE AT ALBURY-WODONGI I S W'DY
ADVANCED, AND WE AIMTO MAKEJ~ HIS THE PROTOTYPE FOR OTHER
GROWH CNTRs. * DECENTRALISATIO N HAS LONG -TREU E AOt
X N THIS COUNTRY4 1973 SAtl 14. GINNIIG OF TPE 7-1RST
REALLY CONCRETE PROPOSALS TO D-SUVILIhING ABOUT IT. 116/
-6-
THE POINT I HAVE TRIED TO STRESS IN MY REMARKS
SO FAR IS THAT THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT, AS ANY GOVERNMENT
MUST, RECOGNISES THE VITAL IMPORYANCE OF OUR RURAL AREAS
FOR THE WHOLE NATION. IN KEEPING WITH THIS RECOGNITION,
THE GOVERNMENT ANNOUNCED IN DECEMBER THAT IT WOULD HOLD AN
INQUIRY INTO ALL ASPECTS OF RURAL POLICY IN AUSTRALIA, THE
INOIJIRY, TO BE CONDUCTED BY A WORKING GROUP, WILL RESULT IN
THE FIRST GOVERNMENT-SPONSORED REPORT ON OVERALL RURAL
POLICYISINCE THE PUBLICATION OF " AGRICUILTURAL PRODUCTION:
AIMS AND POLICIES" BYTHE FORMER DEPARTMENT'OF COMMERCE AND
AGRICULTURE IN 1952,0 OVER 20 YEARS AGO. A MAJOR BASIS FOR
THE INQUIRY IS THE GOVERNMENT'S VIEW THAT TH'ERE IS NO PLACE
IN THE ECONOMY FOR A RURAL POLICY THAT IS NOT,-BOTH EQLJITAI3LE,
FOR PRIMARY PRODUCERS AND ECONOMICALLY' SOHIIND
IN ANNOUNCING THE INQUIRY, THE MINISTER FOR
PRIMARY INDUSTRY, SENATOR 107! ' QIFflT, ANV; V\ X THF
GOVERNMENT WISHES TO AVOID AD HOC DECIINS THAT MIGHT
APPEAR TO SOME TO BE POL41TICALLY ATTRCTIV.. AT THE TIME,.
BUT WHICH IN FACT MIGHT OFF7 NO L. ONG WmR Sr-CUtRXT\' OR
REAL BENEFITS TO -THE GENIJINE *. PR. I. MARY. PRODUCER.. THE
GO~ li. NI FEflriD A BASIS mTPRY ON 1V ! C1 TO
rOFMULAYF Fcop. jyc'iCAlA' soig.!) Ndl A. ovv OIUTAi_
AlSO S! WI A NFF-D Flflr A PITPAI, fl', 7L'\ 7 P7nO I : T THAT
ANT) I f, 1, f jCfT ' i 7 7YA1NT'. CO% UN I YY ARE
OF MANY' DID 1PEPNfl( i1?: O ' I Ti! PfIMA'Y 1" DUSTRIES, ., 71
* THE WORKE'" G GRO;' P VILL DRiu r, ' FOR CONS! flERATIO 1^ V TL: E
CG* O " E~ iqMFN!, A " CRE Oiv, iIP OL 1CY, IN.*: ORPORAJINU
ASPECTS FRO . M PRE-NT AuSTRALJAIJ GO % fRNMET. P% LI CIES SUCH
AA~ 3 SKLECTIVF ) PEC -' TRAi. IS -TTh) N. ( hSRY O RURAL
RECO14STRUCTION AND LONG-' TERM INTe~ illTIONAL COiWM( DITY
AGR--t-MENTS,-WWI A? SO~ ATTE1FT ' 1' 0 IN-ERi' THESE A 4D
OTH -R fJkCTORS INTO A SF-f OF PRiINCIPL5 -jPON WHIC~ l FUTUr
v,' ROLICiE-q., C0ULD BE BUILT. EEXPECT TO PUBLISH THE
R A P E R BY GOVERNM-FT, AUTt-QRIT V BtLI9 liTHLUT FORlAl-
V APP16' IN THAT FORMJ IT WOULD B; DEBATE, IN' CABINET,
I m~. LAMY ANI) IN THE COM1L'IRT" V CE4AI
wM/ VTICtPiARLY V-1 TiE PURAL SECTOR, IHLSE .1DEBATES WILL
GOVERNMENrT* o CREATE A MORE VIABLE RURAL
' LC7' OR " IN THE AUSTRALAN .' 1CONONY, WE HJPE TO R~ ECEIVETHE
W'UTK1NG GRCUP S REPO'? 1 L. Y
34 I
3.3 ATHE OTHER~ SUBJIECr h HL I WIULL ! LIKL 70 TALK
A 0U 1 TO DA Y 13" FS'. ECALLV A PRuK: IATE FCR A LUN tGIVEN
BY APJUOICIPAL COUNCIL -THAT ISo IE ' oOVLRNMENT S PLANS
FOR JNjEC'TYNG NEW LIFE INTO, AND CREATING NE4~ POSSIBILITIES
FOftLdtAL GOV NMEA'T IN AUSTRALIA, I HAVE TALKED FOR
SOME. YEARS ABOUT THE NEED FOR PROPER RECOGNITION TO BE
GL. YdJTO, THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT. IT IS THE ARM
OF GOYCRNMENT. WHICH IS CLOSEST TO PEOPLE AND WHICH AFFECTS
SQMANY ASPECTS OF THEIR DAILY LIVES, 9 8
i GAVE il SPECH ENTXTLED " IHE FmU: eR
AlUSTRALIAN-FEDERALISM" IN NOVEMAER .1. AND-I t! i.;
HAI I S'JTO SAY:
1ie Fil'TURE oF. AUSTRALIANJIEDERALISM
DEPENDSFA MORE UPON MURCtA~ 1S~~
. UPON, THE COMMONWEALTH-wR. 1H~ S'TATES.
~ FEDERALISM -ISTHREATENED-NOT', Y THE.
DRIFTlOF . POW'E FROM STATE CAPITALS TO
CANBERRA BUT BY THE' STATES IMPOSING-UPON.
MUNICIPALITIES FUNCTIONS WHICH.' ARE BPYOND.
THEIR MEAS. IT iS'NOT THE -C6MOWELH.
BUT THE S) TATES WHICH MUST RESIST OR FEAR'
. A REASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONS -IN OUR.
FEDEPR kT~* No FOR THE STATES TREAT
lJN CI PA,. I T IES E VFc MOPE FRUSALLY THAN
K O.-I LOi E . BL K~ 1" -0
. N\ PIrJT> YNTO A. PPL. ICATIONS FOR ASSISTANCE BY RE61 ONAL.
' C A KFN Eb LAl fA.( l
I L b U ) iATL 3 UNiDE SEC
0o . 1' T-T lJD THE
LOCA GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS CONCERN't'iD.
-9-
IT IS HOPED THAT AmPLICATIINS BY REGIONAL ORGA~ i'qSA* TIChs
WILL BEGIN 10 BE RECE! VED AND CONSIDERED EARLY THIS YEAR.
ADDITIONALLY, UmWE A THE, AUSTRALIAN ASSISTANCE PLAN,
THr-RE W. dLL BE AVAIABLE TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUvHORITIES
SPECIAL ASSISTANCE TO ENABLE THEM MORE EFFECTIVELY TO
PROVIDE WELFARE AND HEALTH SERVICES TO THEIR COMMUNITIESS
THESE ACTIOJS DIRECTED TO BENEFIT LOCAL GOVERNMENT HAVE
BEEN TAKEN ALONGSIDE A RANGE OF OTHER MEASURES DESIGNED
TG " EMEDY) IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE STATES AND THEIR
AUTHORITIESj SERIOUS DEFICIENCIES WHICH HAVE EXISTED IN
PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES. NEW OR ENLARGED
5 OUI P BUDGET FCR 1973/ 714, FOR EDUCATION.
C K2; N? SEWERAGE SERVTCES
.' NT . A* ENMt ' EME NT , ' PPA ' ROTN IT CENP. FES ARE
L. I> j~ C CF OCP'-3V: N
o*! N FLUNC-T16.4S I HA tIC'f
r> fi~ i... E c ~ 0T7. 0 W 2 ARE P~) C
-H I S YEAR, TO EMPUVER ' HE IUJSTRALIAN GOVERIm rcr LC'
f' 3NL: I L AND AT SAME TICI~
LnAiE ilTT ;' ro; I 2 TA C JNAW ASSISTANCE DIRECT ' a'X'
LOCAL q-0
AT PRESENT, THE LOCAL. GOVERNMENT'AUTHORITIES RAISE
LOAN FUNDS '~ iTHEMSELVES -SUBJECT TO A'." GENTLEMEN's AGREEMENT
R~ EACHED BETWEEN.' THE COMMONWEALTH AND THE STATES IN 1936-or
. THEY . OBTAIN LOAN FUNDS FROM"' THE STATES.-UNDER THIS SYSTEM,
THEIR INDEBTEDNES. S HAS WORSENED DRAMATICALLY OVER THE YFAIR%
IN! JUNE 1947, THE TOTAL OUTSTANDING DEBT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
AUTHORITIES WAS ABOUT 140 MILLION DOLLARS. By JUNE 1971, THE
PEBT HAD RISEN TO 3730 MILLION DOLLARS MORE THAN 129 TIM1Fz-
AS GR2%-ATil AS THE DEBTB 24 YEARS EARLIER, THE RATE OF ! NICREASl-
OF THE TOTAL OUTSTANDING DEBT OF STATE GOV/ ERNMENTS IN THE SAME
PERIOD WAS ONLY HALF AS GREAT.
THE COST OF SERVICING THEIR BorROWE73 ALSO D~
HEAVIL. Y OKI THE BUDGETS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHOTWi-S.-o'V . l
I F -L-' P77 P. A\ MENT. S DY LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHlOR! TIE-V! ILL Not. BE
' VLN TO ABOUT .12 PER CENT OF THEIR REVENUESLL N 1-L:) E S T
rAVNTSPLUS CAPITAL REPAYMEN~ TS AMOUNTED TO OU 1
ii2LARS IN 1970/ 71 AND WERE EOUJX\ AI. 7-. T TO 00,1W7 Y LLLJ
OF REVENUES. THIS SITUATION COMES ABOUT IlM ASE OF A Fi\' NAI
AGREEMENT REACHED BETWEEN THE COMMvONWELTwH AND THE STATES IN
1927 AND DEVELOPED BY THE " GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT" NINE YEARS
LATER. TH EP E IS NO QIJ) E STiO 0T [ Tl7 ? 7 : 1 7
WERE BEING DECIDED UPON NOW THAT LOCAL GOVERNMENT WOULD HAV'E
BEEN TREATED DIFFERENTLY. IT WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN IGNORED
AS 1T WA รต THEMI AND IT VIOULD CERTAINLY 11AVE BEEN GIVEN A PLACE
ON THE LOAN COUNCIl. WHICH LAtRGELY IDE-TERM* IES LOCAL GO\' ERM[ NT' s
LOAN--RA7S1116 ABILITY. .11/
If IS ABSURD THAT, WHILE ARfRANGEM, T-'. i[ r
LS1bLI. jjijFOR BORROWINGS BY STATE ( W0VERINMENTS fO BE UNEI) A~ r; I
i iERif 1EHAll-f 1CAL GOVE: RNMENT AUTHORITIES ARE LAkGELY -rV
l0 fEfND FOR THEMSELVES IN THE CAPITAL MARKETS. WITH THF
*' ILLTYAND SOPHISi ICATION OF-THFSE (. 1, ARKEIS,, THEY
ARE fiANDICAtPf'Eii AS BORROWERS. ITIS ONL-Y COMMONSENSE THAT
P JSTRALIAN GJOVERNMENIf WITH [ rs SUPERIOR CAPixCITY A
BORROI,. EkR, SHOULD UNDERTAKE BORROWINGS ON THEIR BEHALF.
DESPIT THEIR COMMONSENSE NATURE; I WAS REBUFFED
WHEN I PUT TWO NEW PROPOSALS TO REMEDY THIS SITUATION AT A
MEETiNu WITH Tki HEADS 6F 6G0vERNVhJIT OF THE STATE.', IN~ OufOBER.
SJG~ ECETHAT ELECTED LOCAL. GOVERNMENTS SHOULD HAVE BOTH
AvCrT(> iJJ VOT7 J, T~ l. . T) 2N L ALi'~ 3 0 PROPOSED YHAT
-ftE AUS'TF Li/:(' " OVERNMEVT i:!; vPOWERE--; O FRRW Or': i3lCHiJ
OF E-LL>. 1* L-D L; V: j. i.( v. rNu'T il E MEL-TING WAS AB3ORTIVE. Ti
11-Oft ' 11-1S REI% r lWE rP'OU ~ rL. 1TC IM P'' E A1
VIE W1. 1. NOT BE Ii 1' G T i ;" FERTEN ID1111, T a
I ~ Ifdl CAI SV ST ENU i A4 -1 . 1 E : i~ J
a i v0. A: i~ L DINEL S AND THE1~ Si:, V. CI!, b'S If
1 L LV Z; . JV A1.
FOR THCOMMUNITrIES IT 5ERVES1
Iii IS 13E(: OfES EXT RI hMF1 t. I 1-11" 1-4' AN~ ) 1 r
IN WHICH THE GoVERNMENT BEIJ. 1rVFS LO. f\ GMIFflMFT SHO1JMP WWIAl
K~ GROLE. INI THE NATION' S iI~ FY
ITS El FC( T1fl OFFIC1ILS AND) Pr-RN!\ NMENT OFFICFRS ARE CONSTANTLY
FMGAGFI)) IN iDhAL. IHGW UlIT OC1Al.. PnOrB IMS, THEY ARF IN A PFRFFCT